The Rise of Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO) in Defense and Intelligence

Introduction

The recent conflict in Ukraine has thrust the power of satellite imagery into the spotlight, showcasing its pivotal role in shaping public perception and military tactics. A notable shift in the use of orbital reconnaissance has been witnessed, particularly with the strategic importance of Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO) becoming increasingly apparent. In this blog post, we'll delve into the evolving landscape of satellite imagery for aerospace and defense, exploring how VLEO is revolutionizing military and intelligence operations.

Graphic depicting the Skimsat VLEO satellite. Credit: Redwire

 

Historical Prelude

Corona Satellite Program and the Birth of VLEO

To understand the significance of VLEO, we take a trip back to the Cold War era when the U.S. initiated space-based reconnaissance through the Corona satellite program. These satellites, flying at altitudes below 150 km, marked the early exploration of VLEO.

Key advancements in electric propulsion, navigation, on-board computing, and low-cost digital imagery have paved the way for modern VLEO missions. Notable examples include the European Space Agency's Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer and Japan's Super Low Altitude Test Satellite.

Strategic Benefits of VLEO

A Game-Changing Advantage

Operating at half the altitude of legacy Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, VLEO provides a unique vantage point, bringing satellites twice as close to the action on the ground. The proximity allows for unparalleled observation capabilities, offering a game-changing advantage in military and intelligence operations.

As the threat of space debris looms large in LEO, VLEO presents a self-cleaning solution. Debris and unpropelled satellites in VLEO naturally reenter Earth's upper atmosphere, disintegrating in a matter of days.

The Rarefied Orbital Aerodynamics Research (ROAR) Facility at The University of Manchester [Image Credit: Vitor Oiko]

Global Competitors in VLEO

A Race for Orbital Supremacy

Recognizing the potential benefits, near-peer competitors, such as China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation, have launched ambitious plans for VLEO constellations. Orbiting at altitudes between 150 and 300 kilometers, these satellites promise higher resolution imaging and faster data transmission, indicating the global recognition of VLEO's strategic value.

 Conclusion

As General James Dickinson emphasized in his strategic vision, competitors aim to restrict unfettered access to space. VLEO emerges as a crucial domain in defense and intelligence operations, offering a potent combination of high-resolution imagery, innovative propulsion systems, and sustainability. As developments unfold, VLEO is poised to play a pivotal role in shaping the dynamics of space-based defense strategy. Stay tuned as we witness the next frontier in space exploration unfold.

 

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